Policymakers can purposefully enact such routines to ensure this rhythm prevails on given issues (Peters, Citation2021). While Agenda setting . First, it offers one possible way to typologise agenda-setting instruments deployed by government to manage external demands (we do not attempt to catalogue the instruments or strategies that groups might use to shape the agenda, or to avoid or evade these governmental tools). https://doi.org/10.14512/tatup.27.2.53, van Veen S, Bunders J, Regeer B (2013) Mutual learning for knowledge co-creation about disability inclusive development: experiences with a community of practice. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2018.06.023, Nierling L, Torgersen H (2020) Die neutrale Normativitt der Technikfolgenabschtzung: Konzeptionelle Auseinandersetzung und praktischer Umgang, Baden-Baden. https://doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scz023, OECD (2017). Sci Eng Ethics 26(2):533574. This has implications as governments and government agencies have differing capabilities to deploy these resources (see e.g. Fritz and Binder [83] discuss the dimensions of politics and power inherent to transdisciplinary sustainability research. His message is that the room for members of Congress to champion their own discretionary agenda is limited. By using this website, you agree to our [82] find that facilitating the adaptation and translation of issues and concepts for specific target audiences is a key step that should receive greater attention in multi-stage processes. Firstly, media agenda is the issues discussed in the media. For instance, defining a problem in a particular way, and attributing blame to particular agents or processes, is a central mechanism through which policymakers set the scope for a consultation, taskforce or inquiry. in the natural sciences, may struggle more to see such benefits [57], especially when public engagement requires comprehensive information about the field prior to the involvement, e.g. Sustain Sci 7(S1):2543. The process involves a variety of interests is seen as the strengths of the policy cycle because the decisions are more rational. In their pilot study, the authors describe how a large variety of participants, including actors outside of academia or research funding, engaged in a series of events. Whilst there are several reasons for failing to reach the intended impact, more and more scholars point towards public engagement activities to be inserted within the research and innovation system as early as possible (upstream engagement), as lateness of respective activities has been identified as an important reason for the failure [30, 43,44,45,46]. J Res Innov 6(2):119142. Substantive tools are understood to alter how goods and services are produced, consumed or distributed. These preliminary categories were revisited several times during the course of analysis and revised if necessary to allow clustering with other quotes. Tech Anal Strat Manag 25(1):3955. Participatory technology assessment (pTA) specifically aimed at strengthening inclusive deliberation on emerging technologies and STI agendas [8, 9], whilst foresight, and here especially horizon scanning activities with participatory elements, focussed early on the potential of stakeholder engagement for on identifying new topics for STI governance [10,11,12,13]. It provides a review of the literature on theory and practice of PASE activities, summarises the topical collections contributions regarding current international cases and analyses respective PASE limits and benefits, thereby promoting its conceptual and practical understanding. That is, what combination of specific instruments are deployed to routinise or regularise demands? Managing the demands making it onto the governmental agenda, Establishing working groups, set-piece policy consultations on discussion papers, parliamentary inquiries, taskforces taking submissions, Permitting issues (back) on the governmental agenda at set intervals, Sunset clauses in legislation; Statutory Reviews, Fostering policy demands to help proactively shape governmental agenda, Funding of (or procuring research from) think tanks, interest groups, consultants to foster demands, Unilaterally install government issue priority onto the agenda in absence of consultation (especially after change of government, focussing event or crisis), Policy statements by the Executive, Exclusive Summits, Govt. However, the inclusion of laypeople into futures studies and foresight in general, and into forward-looking STI governance in particular, is underexplored. For instance, research has shown that a small minority of all government consultations attract the majority of the group responses, with most being replied to by fewer than 10 actors (Baumgartner & Leech, Citation2001; Halpin, Citation2011). A related question focuses on the capacities of governments (see e.g. The ability to build trust and enhance reflexivity in participants is a basis for mutual learning to take place within participatory processes. The paper refocuses attention of policy scholars onto the means and strategies that policymakers deploy to manage government agendas, a process which has clear implications for what becomes a policy problem and thereafter potentially subject to governmental action. Gastil [40] highlights the need for analysing public deliberation methods, particularly in relation to the different points of entry within the policymaking system. 2. Citiz Sci 4(1), Haegeman K, Spiesberger M, Knnl T (2017) Evaluating foresight in transnational research programming. Health research priority setting is arguably required by the judiciary when state interests are at stake, for example in the promotion of health equity [49]. In brief, the study of agenda setting concerns the ranking of government priorities. Since research has also faced repeated requests towards taking on more responsibility for solving societal problems, engagement processes thus help in shaping research. BMC Med Ethics 17(1):33. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12910-016-0117-1, Turb A, Barba J, Pelacho M, Mugdal S, Robinson LD, Serrano-Sanz F, Sanz F, Tsinaraki C, Rubio J-M, Schade S (2019) Understanding the citizen science landscape for European environmental policy: an assessment and recommendations. Lash et al. Answer. Causal logics and mechanisms in policy design: How and why adopting a mechanistic perspective can improve policy design, The knowns and unknowns of policy instrument analysis: Policy tools and the current research agenda on policy mixes, How policy instruments are chosen: Patterns of decision makers choices, Designing policy robustness: Outputs and processes, Narratives as tools for influencing policy change, The visible hand of the state: On the organization development of interest groups, Interest groups and (re)establishing stability in policy making: The case of the NSW farmers association and the native vegetation conservation act, Explaining policy bandwagons: Organized interest mobilization and cascades of attention, Interest groups and agenda-setting styles, Outside the issue niche: The multidimensionality of interest group identity, The rise and fall of social problems: A public arenas model, Intellectual obsolescence and intellectual makeovers: Reflections on the tools of government after two decades, Issue-Attention and punctuated equilibria models reconsidered: An empirical examination of the dynamics of agenda-setting in Canada, Managing the hollow state: Procedural policy instruments and modern governance, From tools to toolkits in policy design studies: The new design orientation towards policy formulation research, Agenda-Setting tools: State-driven agenda activity from government relations to scenario forecasting, Paper Presented at ECPR General Conference 2014. This elitist form of visioning renders large parts of the population not having futures [66]. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732305276687, Strauss A, Corbin JM (1990) Basics of qualitative research: grounded theory procedures and techniques. The agenda-setting influence of the news media is not limited to this initial step of focusing public attention on a particular topic. https://doi.org/10.3152/147154306781778740, Rask M (2013) The tragedy of citizen deliberation two cases of participatory technology assessment. Each case included in this paper points towards the dynamics of change and continuity. There are three broad avenues where this typology could be taken further. Participants described agenda setting and rated the importance of proposed domains. Hinrichs and Johnston [81] conclude that refined PASE can support the development of governance infrastructures that maintain inclusion and accountability of the public in the decision-making process, whilst Balzs et al. Complex scientific issues were made accessible through the help of speculative objects and narrative futures framed towards the challenges faced by people in rural areas [82]. This introduction builds upon the call for papers for this topical collection written by the author: https://eujournalfuturesresearch.springeropen.com/pase. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2013.05.008, Abels G, Bora A (2016) Ethics and public participation in technology assessment, Grunwald A (2018) Technology assessment in practice and theory. This shows that expert takeovers in citizen involvement processes can contribute to a loss of authenticity [89]. What would this look like for policymakers deploying sets of agenda-setting instruments in specific policy contexts? Google Scholar. Against this background, the participatory turn took place in science, and the governance of science and technology underwent reforms towards more and discursive engagement activities [25]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-020-00211-7, Peter M, Diektter T, Kremer K (2019) Participant outcomes of biodiversity citizen science projects: a systematic literature review. European Journal of Futures Research They say Each public arena has a characteristic rhythm of organizational life that influences the timing of its interactions with social problems, thus affecting [issue] selection (ibid). An empirical analysis of power in transdisciplinary sustainability research. It is a reasonable assumption to make that tools to manage policy demands vary in their complexity (e.g. The Agenda Setting Theory discusses how the mass media gives prominence to issues in our society. Most of the early work on policy tools focussed on the number and types of tools (see Hood, Citation1986; Kirschen et al., Citation1964; Lowi, Citation1966; Schneider & Ingram, Citation1990) with the aim to develop taxonomies and frameworks for describing how governments pursue policy goals in different policy sectors (Hood, Citation2007; Howlett, Citation2000; Salamon, Citation2002). Whilst all the abovementioned factors contribute to ineffectiveness, translation of PASE results into the policy realm remains a central challenge [80], for instance when aiming at inspiring a change in national funding schemes [85]. Conveying the argument of favouring public engagement in agenda-setting, participation (a) helps to democratise the research arena dominated by an elite, making research funding decisions more transparent; (b) contributes to better understand societal impact of and a need towards science and technology, thus producing better decisions whilst increasing public trust in science; and (c) fulfils the moral obligation of involving the public into guiding decisions of distributing tax-money for research and innovation which may concern public and individual lives. [85] show that several research questions emerged during the PASE, which were previously largely ignored by health research, whilst Matschoss et al. NanoEthics 10(1):6374. Some fields actively foster PE activities, for instance space research [59]. https://doi.org/10.1111/hex.12213, Schlvinck A-FM, Pittens CACM, Broerse JEW (2020) Patient involvement in agenda-setting processes in health research policy: a boundary work perspective. Sci Public Policy 33(7):478488. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co, KG. [79] add that simultaneous reproduction of a PASE setting in various localities, supported by digital conflation, would have ensured better inclusiveness. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Schroth et al. Agenda-setting helps them influence how the public perceives a particular business event and performs damage control. Eur J Futur Res 8(1):3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40309-020-0161-4, Pagliarino E, Orlando F, Vaglia V, Rolfo S, Bocchi S (2020) Participatory research for sustainable agriculture: the case of the Italian agroecological rice network. Liberating and expanding the agenda. Whilst insufficient skills can also be a limiting factor, it has become apparent that successful implementation of PASE activities requires organisers and participants to have separate sets of skills. https://doi.org/10.1088/0963-6625/2/4/003, Stilgoe J, Owen R, Macnaghten P (2013) Developing a framework for responsible innovation. NanoEthics 11(1):93106. Here, transdisciplinary research generally refers to the integration of three types of knowledge: systems knowledge, target knowledge and transformation knowledge [5]. Tools that routinise policy demands allow policymakers to acknowledge and engage with a spectrum of actors, and design strategies to meet these demands. Furthermore, political appreciation of results and a will to implement democratic STI governance is a key limiting factor. Participatory agenda setting inserts public opinion further upstream, at an earlier stage than priority setting. The media also influence the next step in the communication process, our understanding and perspective on the topics in the news. Several authors report that the use of boundary objectsdata-driven or design-basedin terms of models, scenarios or artefacts as tools for facilitating dialogue was successful in establishing a common understanding of issues and partially shared meaning [80,81,82].

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