Retrieved February 17, 2012, from http://www.globalissues.org/issue/73/arms-trade-a-major-cause-of-suffering. New York Times, p. B4. Our papers are written to meet your needs, in a personalized manner. Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF), Operation New Dawn (OND), and Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) U.S. Casualty Status. The 1964 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, in which Congress authorized President Lyndon Johnson to wage an undeclared war in Vietnam, was passed after North Vietnamese torpedo boats allegedly attacked US ships. The Washington Post. Deaths in wars and conflicts in the 20th century. Social science topics for research papers. For every 100,000 Iraq and Afghanistan veterans who receive health care from the Veterans Administration, 38 have killed themselves. Supporters of this role say the military has both protected and advanced the political and economic interests of the United States, while critics, as we have seen, charge that the military has been an instrument of imperialism. One veteran recalled being gang raped by her drill sergeant and four other soldiers, who then broke several bones in her body and urinated on her. Noting that the military budget today exceeds the average budget during the Cold War, they think military spending is far higher than it needs to be to ensure the nations defense with the Soviet Union no longer a threat. War is sustained armed conflict that causes large-scale loss of life or extreme material destruction (Worrell, 2011, p. 1). The term society refers to the system of interdependent relationships among human beings. In this manner, a genetic tendency for physical aggression and warfare developed and thus still exists today. War can lead to various social problems, including child soldier use and homelessness. Although education benefits and many other services for veterans exist, the nation needs to do much more to help veterans, these observers say (Baker, 2012; Shusman, 2012). That problem is rape, as at least one-fifth and perhaps as many as 84 percent of all military service are raped or sexually assaulted (including sexual harassment) by other military personnel (Turchik & Wilson, 2010). This same sum could be used to pay the salaries of 10,000 new teachers earning $30,000 per year or to build twenty elementary schools at a cost of $15 million each. War can also change a nations political structure in obvious ways, as when the winning nation forces a new political system and leadership on the losing nation. Although the causes of World War II are complex, Hitlers effort to conquer much of Europe stemmed at least partly from his belief that Aryans (Germans and other Europeans with blond hair and blue eyes) were a superior species and non-Aryans were an inferior species (Bess, 2008). New York, NY: Routledge. However, other scientists dispute the evolutionary explanation for several reasons (Begley, 2009). Retrieved from http://www.voanews.com/english/news/usa/Public-Private-Organizations-Work-to-Help-Thousands-of-Homeless-Veterans-in-NY- 139520143.html. Drew, C. (2011, March 30). The war within: Americas battle over Vietnam. War is not . Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. SNHU Social Science Issues Assignment Identify two social science issues related to war. Because napalm is very sticky, it is almost impossible to wipe off or remove with water once it does end up on skin. These effects are similar to those for civilians, and include anxiety, depression, PTSD, poorer physical health, and poorer job performance (in this case, their military duties). 119 words. When it comes to our wars overseas, he adds, concern for the victims is limited to U.S. troops.. Retrieved from http://www.history.navy.mil/library/online/american%20war%20casualty.htm; http://web.archive.org/web/20070711050249/http://www.cwc.lsu.edu/other/stats/warcost.htm; Hacker, J. D. (2011, September 20). New York, NY: Metropolitan Books. With the Covid-19 pandemic, 2020 brought the Black Lives Matter protest in the limelight. Shusman, B. Critics also argue that military spending actually produces fewer jobs than spending in other sectors (Ledbetter, 2011). In fact, rape and sexual assault are the leading cause of PTSD among women veterans, while combat trauma is the leading cause of PTSD among male veterans. Veterans of the Iraq and Afghanistan War have a higher suicide rate than that of the general public. April missed the man she used to know: The biggest loss is the loss of the man I married. Despite this need, research on sexual assault in the military was scant before the early 2000s. World War II had a direct influence on the social justice movements after the war and even today. New York, NY: Penguin. Scholar John Tirman worries that Americans have generally ignored the civilian victims of US wars. New York, NY: New York Review of Books. Advertisement capkay1505 Retrieved February 16, 2012, from http://www.fas.org/programs/ssp/nukes/nuclearweapons/nukestatus.html. The minimum estimate almost matches the number of American deaths in all the other wars the United States has fought, and the maximum estimate greatly exceeds this number (see Table 16.2 US Participation in Major Wars). and environmental protection. The sociology of war is a subfield of sociology that focuses on the macro-level patterns of war making, how societies engage in warfare, the meaning that war has in society, and the relationship between state structure and war making. Although this is almost an unimaginable number, there is cause for some hope, even as there is also cause for despair. According to this argument, war is part of our genetic heritage because the humans who survived tens of thousands of years ago were those who were most able, by virtue of their temperament and physicality, to take needed resources from other humans they attacked and to defend themselves from attackers. These experts say the military budget is bloated for at least four reasons. Describe some of the factors that have influenced this social institution in India. Choices under fire: Moral dimensions of World War II. A major reason for this problem was that the Pentagon had begun building these systems before their designs had been completely tested. An unknown number of civilians were burned severely or, if they were lucky, died. Nations also go to war for ideological reasons: they have certain belief systems that lead them to hold prejudice and other hostile feelings toward nations with different belief systems. Choose one of the five social institutions. As a news report summarized these families experience, Ms. Retrieved February 18, 2012, from http://servicewomen.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Rape-Sexual-Assault-and-Sexual-Harassment-in-the-Military.pdf. Explain why war is best understood as a social phenomenon and why nations go to war. Status of world nuclear forces. Several years later, she was still having many health problems and could not forget what happened to her. While social sciences attempts an objective evaluation of human and social behavior, by its very nature it must grapple with questions of equality, fairness, cohesion, and happiness, and thus, with moral issues. Begley, S. (2009, June 29). Wrangham, R. W. (2004). Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments. Dewan, S. (2011, December 18). Levy, J. S., & Thompson, W. R. (2010). Inevitably, Vietnamese civilians were in the path of the fireballs generated by the US and South Vietnamese militaries. Daedalus, 133(4), 2535. New York Times, p. WK3. The secret way to war: The Downing Street memo and the Iraq Wars buried history. Lochhead, C. (2012, February 14). They also say that the stationing of some 300,000 American troops on 865 military bases abroad at the time of this writing, including 81,000 troops in Europe and 220,000 in other nations, is hardly needed to ensure the nations defense. Explain your answer. One Iraq veteran with these problems is Tom Marcum, who came home with a brain injury, PTSD, and fits of violence and short-term memory loss. Time. List the types of problems that military veterans often face. Religion is a very important ideology in this regard. Feinstein, A. Use the reading about social institutions in India to identify two social science issues that could be researched further. The Washington Post, p. B01. Bangor Daily News. appeared first on Yourhomeworksolutions. Much of these mandatory expenses are funded by trust funds, such as Social Security taxes, which are raised and spent separately from income taxes. Because it took place in Iraq, many more Iraqis than Americans died or were wounded, and the war certainly affected Iraqi societyits infrastructure, economy, natural resources, and so forthfar more than it affected American society. Are we giant suckers? Yet some inexorable force seems to impel both governments (and peoples) in that direction. Although wars, other armed conflicts, terrorism, and genocide certainly continue, and 100 million is a terribly high number of deaths, the world overall is in fact more peaceful now than in the past. Additionally, some people lose their homes due to the war leading to homelessness as a social problem in the community. Many veterans are experiencing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), marked by nightmares, panic attacks, and other symptoms (Dao, 2012). Dao, J. After they did so, US ground troops shot them and left a pile of dead bodies that included twenty-one children. Where do our income tax dollars go. Halperin, S. (2004). Retrieved http://www.cnn.com/. The remaining several hundred refugees hid and were shot at for three days by US ground soldiers. Pollin, R., & Garrett-Peltier, H. (2011). Four decades later, questions of deceit were again raised after the United States began the war against Iraq because of its alleged possession of weapons of mass destruction. The document you are viewing contains questions related to this textbook. Audit of Pentagon spending finds $70 billion in waste. Updated on June 02, 2019 Military sociology is the sociological study of the military. Contemporary issues are problems and opportunities that are relevant to present day life and politics. Economic gangsters: Corruption, violence, and the poverty of nations. But he also notes that the Korean and Vietnam wars included many atrocities committed by American troops against civilians. Through research, discussion and debate, the social and behavioral science communities confront important societal issues everyday. McKeeby, D. (2008, February 25). . Other experts echo President Eisenhowers concern over the size of the military budget (Bacevich, 2011; Korb, Rothman, & Hoffman, 2012; Lochhead, 2012; Wheeler, 2009). His wife April had to quit her teaching job to take care of him, and their life savings slowly dwindled. Before the war, violent labor strikes were common in Britain and other European nations. vanden Heuvel, K. (2011, June 13). Health care expenses for survivors amount to almost $1 billion annually, and the cost of prosecution amounts to $19 million annually (Stalsburg, 2011). Retrieved from http://www.defense.gov/news/casualty.pdf (accessed February 16, 2012); Martinez, L. (2011, November 11). Retrieved February 20, 2012, from http://www.vvaw.org/veteran/article/?id=823. Given the dynamic nature of gang-related violence today, we aim to include empirical and theoretical research . Source: First F-35C Flight, Wikipedia, Last modified on November 20, 2011, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:First_F-35C_Flight.ogv. they want to continue a master's program in social sciences and policy implementation. A case of social inequalities in modern societies. As wars end, young veterans return to scant jobs. In addition to psychological and physiological trauma, rape and sexual assault impose huge economic costs on the military because of medical expenses for helping survivors and for prosecuting their rapists. Federation of American Scientists. A popular explanation comes from the field of evolutionary biology and claims that a tendency toward warfare is hardwired into our genetic heritage because it conferred certain evolutionary advantages. This report concluded that the more money we spend on unneeded weapons programs, the more layoffs there will be of police officers, firefighters, teachers, and other workers whose jobs are funded directly or indirectly by federal spending.. Women in politics. Chapter 1 / Exercise 3 New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Voice of America News. (2012, May 18). Retrieved from http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/09/20/recounting-the-dead; US Department of Defense. As these numbers make clear, military personnel who commit rape and sexual assault almost always avoid any punishment. First, it excludes several military-related costs such as veterans benefits and interest on the national debt from past military spending. Jobs, hobbies, friends, even parental obligations to young children fall by the wayside. Fisman, R., & Miguel, E. (2010). Washington, DC: Author. These actions did destroy the countryside, but they also destroyed humans. As historians and political scientists have often described, wars have a significant economic and political impact. Many came back addicted to heroin and other drugs, many were unemployed, and many became homeless. A social issue is a problem that reduces the quality of life of people. CNN.com. These more basic causes of war include population change and environmental change. As its name implies, mandatory spending is required by various laws and includes such things as Social Security, Medicare and Medicaid, and interest payments on the national debt. Looking further back in world history, the death rate in prehistoric times from tribal warfare was extremely high. The two atomic bombs dropped by the United States over Japan during World War II killed tens of thousands of civilians. In Vietnam, Tirman writes, American troops and planes routinely razed villages to the ground, killing villagers indiscriminately, and then evacuated any survivors. Theyre in good shape for the shape theyre in, Sources: Ledbetter, 2011; Vietnam Veterans Against the War, 1971. The wealthy European countries that compose the bulk of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), an international consortium, spend 2.5 percent of their total economy (gross domestic product, or GDP) on their militaries. The article presents major trends and turning points in the growth of five social science disciplines in the country: anthropology, economics, political science, psychology and sociology. As a result, observes one economics writer, most Europeans have universal health care, deeply subsidized education (including free university tuition in many countries), modern infrastructure, good mass transit, and far less poverty than the United States has. Until World War LI, what little policy research and evalua- You can order essays, annotated bibliography, discussion, research papers, reaction paper, article critique, coursework, projects, case . Job numbers are up, but veterans are left behind. World War I again provides an interesting example of such changes. War Resisters League. The defense industry remains a powerful force in the US economy six decades after Eisenhower issued his warning, and US military spending continues unabated. To get a more accurate estimate of how many such crimes occur, sound social research is necessary. The U.S. military does not need or want all officers to become social scientist researchers, but applied social science can nevertheless help develop strategic thinking because it: (1) focuses on human behavior and influence; (2) develops comfort with competing theories; (3) requires creativity; and (4) uses evidence and iteration to better . War between nations is called international war, while war within nations is called civil war. Although the truce later dissolved and labor-management conflict resumed, labor eventually won some limited rights thanks partly to its support for the war. Reflecting this decline, a smaller percentage of the worlds population died in armed conflict during the past century than in earlier eras. Now, all I see is blood (Herdy & Moffeit, 2004, p. 4). When these costs are taken into account, the total 2011 military budget ranged between an estimated $1.2 trillion and $1.4 trillion (Friends Committee on National Legislation, 2012; War Resisters League, 2012). Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab. Solution Verified Answered 11 months ago Create an account to view solutions Recommended textbook solutions Sociology and You 1st Edition ISBN: 9780076631933 Jon M. Shepard, Robert W. Greene 713 solutions Sociology and You citing the Encyclopedia of Science and Religion, [full citation needed] defines the science wars as the discussions about the "way the sciences are related to or incarnated in culture, history . The wars in Iraq and Afghanistan provide additional examples of a theft from those who hunger and are not fed. These wars cost the United States about $1.3 trillion through 2012, for an average of more than $100 billion annually (Harrison, 2012). In another example, the Navy is designing a new series of nuclear submarines, with construction planned to start in 2019. As the Marcums situation indicates, spouses and other family members of veterans also are casualties of war. Image courtesy of Sgt. The European nations decisions to limit their military spending allows more spending for social needs. As an economics writer wryly noted, So remember to take pride in American power, and remember that it comes at a very high price. In making this classic macroeconomics decision, the United States has much to learn from the wealthy nations of Europe. When one woman who was raped by two soldiers in Iraq told her commander, he threatened her with a charge of adultery because she was married (Speier, 2012). Pew Research Center. This $29 billion sum for each submarine during its lifetime could provide 5.8 million scholarships worth $5,000 each to low- and middle-income high school students to help them pay for college. A quick calculation shows that about 11 percent of the worlds population died from the Mongolian wars, while 2 percent died from World War II. AlterNet. For example, the deaths of so many soldiers during the American Civil War left many wives and mothers without their familys major breadwinner. 1.2 Sociological Perspectives on Social Problems, 1.3 Continuity and Change in Social Problems, 2.1 The Measurement and Extent of Poverty, 2.2 Who the Poor Are: Social Patterns of Poverty, 3.1 Racial and Ethnic Inequality: A Historical Prelude, 3.5 Dimensions of Racial and Ethnic Inequality, 3.6 Explaining Racial and Ethnic Inequality, 3.7 Reducing Racial and Ethnic Inequality, 4.4 Violence against Women: Rape and Sexual Assault, 5.2 Public Attitudes about Sexual Orientation, 5.3 Inequality Based on Sexual Orientation, 5.4 Improving the Lives of the LGBT Community, 6.3 Life Expectancy and the Graying of Society, 6.4 Biological and Psychological Aspects of Aging, 6.6 Reducing Ageism and Helping Older Americans, 7.5 Drug Policy and the War on Illegal Drugs, 7.6 Addressing the Drug Problem and Reducing Drug Use, 10.2 Sociological Perspectives on the Family, 10.3 Changes and Problems in American Families, 11.1 An Overview of Education in the United States, 11.2 Sociological Perspectives on Education, 11.3 Issues and Problems in Elementary and Secondary Education, 11.4 Issues and Problems in Higher Education, 12.2 Sociological Perspectives on Work and the Economy, 13.1 Sociological Perspectives on Health and Health Care, 13.2 Global Aspects of Health and Health Care, 13.3 Problems of Health in the United States, 13.4 Problems of Health Care in the United States, 14.2 Sociological Perspectives on Urbanization, 15.1 Sociological Perspectives on Population and the Environment, 15.4 Addressing Population Problems and Improving the Environment, 16.1 Sociological Perspectives on War and Terrorism, 16.4 Preventing War and Stopping Terrorism. Schools and Inequality As just one example of such waste, a 2011 federal audit found that cost overruns over the prior two years had added at least $70 billion to projected costs of various weapons systems (Drew, 2011). As we move further into the twenty-first century, the issue of military spending will present a major challenge for US political and economic institutions to address in a way that meets Americas international and domestic interests. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Fourth, military waste in the form of cost overruns from poor accounting and other management failures is rampant. Friends Committee on National Legislation. Collier, E. C. (1993). Table 16.2 US Participation in Major Wars listed the hundreds of thousands of troop deaths in American wars. Some major problems (other than the listed ones) in social science research (ssr) are: (1) evolving a sound methodology for collection of field data (2) interpretations of field data in relation . Choose one of the five social institutions. Those who are not affiliated with a . Although war is a social phenomenon arising from decisions of political and military officials, other phenomena can make it more likely that these officials will decide to go to war. There is the natural fear that loved ones will never return from their overseas involvement in armed conflict. It's this ethical and moral dimension that, to a degree, sets apart the social sciences from the natural sciences. Children of deployed troops struggle, study finds. Reid Kasprowicz A Flag for the Fallen CC BY-NC-ND 2.0. (2011). War made easy: How presidents and pundits keep spinning us to death. Retrieved February 20, 2012, from http://www.cfr.org/defense-policy-and-budget/slashing-americas-defense-suicidal-trajectory/p26989. Arms trade: A major cause of suffering. Amherst, MA: Political Economy Research Institutes. Each of these warheads is an average of at least twenty times more powerful than each of the atomic bombs that decimated Japan. All these killings were outright slaughter. While industries everywhere are stimulated by their surrounding events and propelled to reexamine their professional practices to improve their greater communities, the social and behavioral sciences have interacted with societal issues and plights in their bodies . Although war is a social phenomenon arising from decisions of political and military officials, other phenomena can make it more likely that these officials will decide to go to war. But veterans are casualties in other ways, as the news story that began this chapter made clear. Arias, O. Harrison, T. (2012). This fear can take a psychological toll on all members of these families, but perhaps especially on children. In M. D. Cavelty & V. Mauer (Eds. Why do various groups produce more terrorists than others. For example, the F-35 fighter aircraft has been plagued with management problems, huge cost-overruns, [and] substantial performance shortfalls, according to a recent news report (Kaplan, 2012). The APSA acknowledged dissatisfaction after analyzing a 1998 survey of members and ex-members.

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