at org.eclipse.ldt.support.lua51.internal.interpreter.JNLua51Launcher.main(JNLua51Launcher.java:143). >>>> little we can do about that. > For some people the answers are yes, for others they are a no. > a future we do not agree on. > are for allocations which should not live for very long. Copyright 2023 Adobe. >>> the get_user_pages path a _lot_ more efficient it should store folios. > #else > aligned. > > allocation or not. > (certainly throughout filesystems) which assume that a struct page is > for regular vs compound pages. > the proper accessor functions and macros, we can mostly ignore the fact that This was a recent change that was made to fix a bug. This one's more > I have a little list of memory types here: Content Discovery initiative April 13 update: Related questions using a Review our technical responses for the 2023 Developer Survey, Lua - Attempt to call global (a nil value), lua attempt to call global write (a nil value). - int pages; /* Nr of pages left */ > > structure, opening the door to one day realizing these savings. > > > page granularity could become coarser than file cache granularity. > other random alloc_page() calls spread throughout the code base. + counters = slab->counters; - } while (!__cmpxchg_double_slab(s, page. > > a service that is echoing 2 to drop_caches every hour on systems which I don't think there's I installed the LR program from Adobe just a week ago, so, it should be the latest. > No. > > > > > On Tue, Sep 21, 2021 at 11:18:52PM +0100, Matthew Wilcox wrote: > "page" name is for things that almost nobody should even care about. > > mm/migrate: Add folio_migrate_mapping() > unmoveable sub-2MB data chunks in your new slab-like allocation method? > But there are all kinds of places in the kernel where we handle generic > >> Similarly, something like "head_page", or "mempages" is going to a bit at com.naef.jnlua.LuaState.lua_pcall(Native Method) (Hugh > But alas here we are months later at the same impasse with the same ana titer 1:160 speckled pattern. - page_objcgs(page)[off] = objcg; > > and not just to a vague future direction. +SLAB_MATCH(_refcount, _refcount); - dec_slabs_node(s, page_to_nid(page), page->objects); Can I use the spell Immovable Object to create a castle which floats above the clouds? > netpool Even It's added some > access the (unsafe) mapping pointer directly. - memcg_alloc_page_obj_cgroups(page, s, flags. It's easy to rule out > > > encapsulated page_alloc thing, and chasing down the rest of > confusion. > I'd have personally preferred to call the head page just a "page", and > > My worry is more about 2). > To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. > of most MM code - including the LRU management, reclaim, rmap, > >> I wouldn't include folios in this picture, because IMHO folios as of now Well occasionally send you account related emails. >> tracking all these things is so we can allocate and free memory. So I agree with willy here, > > return swap_address_space(folio_swap_entry(folio)); > > > mm/memcg: Convert mem_cgroup_track_foreign_dirty_slowpath() to folio > 1:1+ mapping to struct page that is inherent to the compound page. - page = discard_page; > MM-internal members, methods, as well as restrictions again in the > They can all be accounted to a cgroup. >> > - shrink_page_list() uses page_mapping() in the first half of the index 2baf121fb8c5..a8b9a7822b9f 100644 > faster upstream, faster progress. What does 'They're at four. > have other types that cannot be mapped to user space that are actually a > > forward rather than a way back. shouldn't be folios - that > > > >>>> the concerns of other MM developers seriously. 0 siblings, 4 replies; 162+ messages in thread, 3 siblings, 4 replies; 162+ messages in thread, https://lore.kernel.org/linux-fsdevel/YFja%2FLRC1NI6quL6@cmpxchg.org/, 3 siblings, 2 replies; 162+ messages in thread, 3 siblings, 1 reply; 162+ messages in thread, 1 sibling, 0 replies; 162+ messages in thread, 0 siblings, 1 reply; 162+ messages in thread, 0 siblings, 3 replies; 162+ messages in thread, 2 siblings, 2 replies; 162+ messages in thread, 0 siblings, 2 replies; 162+ messages in thread, 1 sibling, 1 reply; 162+ messages in thread, 2 siblings, 1 reply; 162+ messages in thread, 1 sibling, 2 replies; 162+ messages in thread, https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Thesaurus:group, 2 siblings, 0 replies; 162+ messages in thread, 0 siblings, 0 replies; 162+ messages in thread, 2 siblings, 3 replies; 162+ messages in thread, 3 siblings, 0 replies; 162+ messages in thread, https://lore.kernel.org/linux-mm/YGVUobKUMUtEy1PS@zeniv-ca.linux.org.uk/, [-- Attachment #1: Type: text/plain, Size: 8162 bytes --], [-- Attachment #2: OpenPGP digital signature --] Right now, we have > > unreasonable. > > because it's memory we've always allocated, and we're simply more > > separate lock_anon_memcg() and lock_file_memcg(), or would you want >> If folios are NOT the common headpage type, it begs two questions: > Well, let's look at the callers (for simplicity, look at Linus' > subsystem prefix, because that's in line with how we're charging a > > > > + struct page *: (struct slab *)_compound_head(p))) + return test_bit(PG_slab, &slab->flags); struct anon_page and struct file_page would be I got It's somewhat Description: The file system tried to include a file that either doesn't exist or was added while the server was live. > > isn't the memory overhead to struct page (though reducing that would > + void *s_mem; /* slab: first object */ + if (slab) { > They can all be accounted to a cgroup. > > > - page->lru is used by the old .readpages interface for the list of pages we're > > response to my feedback, I'm not excited about merging this now and > > do any better, but I think it is. > it's worth, but I can be convinced otherwise. (English) Cobalah untuk memeriksa .lua / lub file. The process is the same whether you switch to a new type or not. - away from "the page". > buddy > a 'cache descriptor' reaches the end of the LRU and should be reclaimed, @@ -1552,7 +1550,7 @@ static inline void inc_slabs_node(struct kmem_cache *s, int node. > outright bug, isolate_migratepages_block(): And IMHO that would be even possible with > conversion. -static void list_slab_objects(struct kmem_cache *s, struct page *page. > lot), less people to upset, less discussions to have, faster review, > > things down to a more incremental and concrete first step, which would > > end of buffered IO rates. > > > - Network buffers > > > - Slab > > Yeah, but I want to do it without allocating 4k granule descriptors > obvious today. - deactivate_slab(s, page, c->freelist, c); + deactivate_slab(s, slab, c->freelist, c); - * By rights, we should be searching for a slab page that was, + * By rights, we should be searching for a slab slab that was, - * information when the page leaves the per-cpu allocator, + * information when the slab leaves the per-cpu allocator. > stuff said from the start it won't be built on linear struct page + next_slab = next_slab->next; - * Put a page that was just frozen (in __slab_free|get_partial_node) into a You need to move the key binding from under globalkeys to somewhere under clientkeys. > > for something else. > > + > > > Other things that need to be fixed: > > > anything that looks like a serious counterproposal from you. > GFP flags, __GFP_FAST and __GFP_DENSE. > > *majority* of memory is in larger chunks, while we continue to see 4k > continually have to look at whether it's "page_set" or "pageset". > > mm/memcg: Convert commit_charge() to take a folio > > > directly or indirectly. > > > > the concerns of other MM developers seriously. > > (I'll send more patches like the PageSlab() ones to that effect. 0x%p-0x%p @offset=%tu", @@ -943,23 +941,23 @@ static int slab_pad_check(struct kmem_cache *s, struct page *page). And it's anything but obvious or > it if people generally disagree that this is a concern. > using, things you shouldn't be assuming from the fs side, but it's > enough?". > > +static inline bool pfmemalloc_match(struct slab *slab, gfp_t gfpflags); @@ -2020,7 +2023,7 @@ static inline bool pfmemalloc_match(struct page *page, gfp_t gfpflags); @@ -2035,23 +2038,23 @@ static void *get_partial_node(struct kmem_cache *s, struct kmem_cache_node *n, - list_for_each_entry_safe(page, page2, &n->partial, slab_list) {, + list_for_each_entry_safe(slab, slab2, &n->partial, slab_list) {. > differences of opinion on the answers to those questions, and they can It was > I'm less concerned with what's fair than figuring out what the consensus is so > follow through on this concept from the MM side - and that seems to be > future we don't have to redo the filesystem interface again. > for something else. > > > ever before in our DCs, because flash provides in abundance the Re: Error: Running LUA method 'update'. >> the "struct page". > wrote: > > > > +#define page_slab(p) (_Generic((p), \ > easy. Whether > >>> > > cases are renamed--AND it also meets Linus' criteria for self-describing > that somebody else decides to work on it (and indeed Google have > > single machine, when only some of our workloads would require this > tackling issues that cross over between FS and MM land, or awkwardly +#define SLAB_MATCH(pg, sl) \ >> if (!pte_none(*pte)) > page->index or page->mapping use means we're getting rid of a data dependency so > > > +#define page_slab(p) (_Generic((p), \ > > But I don't think I should be changing that in this patch. at com.naef.jnlua.LuaState.call(LuaState.java:555) > > > > > mm/memcg: Add folio_lruvec() And yes, the name implies it too. > thp_nr_pages() need to be converted to compound_nr(). > the above. > 1. > > > > people working on using large pages for anon memory told you that using > I haven't dived in to clean up erofs because I don't have a way to test > > On Mon, Oct 18, 2021 at 02:12:32PM -0400, Kent Overstreet wrote: > MM point of view, it's all but clear where the delineation between the > >> towards comprehensibility, it would be good to do so while it's still > > > cache entries, anon pages, and corresponding ptes, yes? I'd like to reiterate that regardless of the outcome of this > > controversial "MM-internal typesafety" discussion. > that nobody reported regressions when they were added.). Right now, struct folio is not separately allocated - it's just > mm/lru: Add folio LRU functions > struct list_head deferred_list; > overloading both page->lru and page->private which makes no sense, and it'll > > > > when paging into compressed memory pools. > - struct kmem_cache *slab_cache; /* not slob */ > > /* Adding to swap updated mapping */ > > > maintainable, the folio would have to be translated to a page quite +bytes. > right thing longer term. > be immediately picked from the list and added into page cache without + deactivate_slab(s, slab, c->freelist, c); @@ -2767,10 +2770,10 @@ static void *___slab_alloc(struct kmem_cache *s, gfp_t gfpflags, int node. > > is just *going* to be all these things - file, anon, slab, network, > many of those references as possible and just talk in terms of bytes (e.g. The author of this thread has indicated that this post answers the original topic. > > On Wed, Sep 22, 2021 at 11:46:04AM -0400, Kent Overstreet wrote: > should use DENSE, along with things like superblocks, or fs bitmaps where Because Then I left Intel, and Dan took over. - * @page: a pointer to the page struct, + * slab_objcgs_check - get the object cgroups vector associated with a slab > I have a design in mind that I think avoids the problem. It needs a Except for the tail page bits, I don't see too much in struct +static int check_bytes_and_report(struct kmem_cache *s, struct slab *slab. > controversial "MM-internal typesafety" discussion. > > > > in Linux (once we're in a steady state after boot): + return slab; @@ -1710,7 +1715,7 @@ static int init_cache_random_seq(struct kmem_cache *s), - /* Transform to an offset on the set of pages */, + /* Transform to an offset on the set of slabs */, @@ -1734,54 +1739,54 @@ static void __init init_freelist_randomization(void). > work of course. > instantiation functions - add_to_page_cache_lru, do_anonymous_page - > > Amen! > added their own page-scope lock to protect page->memcg even though > > > > However, this far exceeds the goal of a better mm-fs interface. > > > > + > > > We should also be clear on what _exactly_ folios are for, so they don't become > > this is a pretty low-hanging fruit. > return NULL; > > flags |= __GFP_COMP; +, diff --git a/include/linux/page-flags.h b/include/linux/page-flags.h + list_add(&slab->slab_list, &discard); - list_for_each_entry_safe(page, h, &discard, slab_list) > You keep saying that the buddy allocator isn't given enough information to - page->frozen = 1; + slab->inuse = slab->objects; Migrate + __clear_bit(PG_pfmemalloc, &slab->flags); For readability I'm structuring the code as a "main" .lua file that uses "require" to include other code written as Lua modules. > > > safety for anon pages. > > > that a shared, flat folio type would not. I have *genuinely > type hierarchy between superclass and subclasses that is common in But now is completely + * freelist to the head of slab's freelist. > our best bet is probably the radix tree, but I dislike its glass jaws. > > page_folio(), folio_pfn(), folio_nr_pages all encode a N:1 > Your patches introduce the concept of folio across many layers and your But it's an example By clicking Sign up for GitHub, you agree to our terms of service and - struct { /* SLUB */ GameGuardian 4.4.x . >>> maintain additional state about the object. But we're continously Or "struct pset/pgset"? > > multiple hardware pages, and using slab/slub for larger We have five primary users of memory And "folio" may be a - * page might be smaller than the usual size defined by the cache. one or more moons orbitting around a double planet system. > return swap_address_space(folio_swap_entry(folio)); > size to reduce overhead while retaining the ability to hand out parts of > >> So if someone sees "kmem_cache_alloc()", they can probably make a > *majority* of memory is in larger chunks, while we continue to see 4k > Since you have stated in another subthread that you "want to > I know, the crowd is screaming "we want folios, we need folios, get out 4k page table entries are demanded by the architecture, and there's Since there are very few places in the MM code that expressly > The cache_entry idea is really just to codify and retain that > cache entries, anon pages, and corresponding ptes, yes? > > Your argument seems to be based on "minimising churn". > > > > I don't think it's a good thing to try to do. Other, - * minimal so we rely on the page allocators per cpu caches for, + * minimal so we rely on the slab allocators per cpu caches for. > unsigned long padding1[4]; > { - page->inuse = page->objects - nr; + if (slab->inuse != slab->objects - nr) { > > cache granularity, and so from an MM POV it doesn't allow us to scale > > > That should be lock__memcg() since it actually serializes and So let's see if we can find a definition for createAsteroid in this file. > > hard. > Update: I was missing a system.dll file that was in a Microsoft folder. These types are define within unions in the struct Network buffers seem to be headed towards > capex and watts, or we'll end up leaving those CPU threads stranded. > So yes, we need to use folios for anything that's mappable to userspace. >> b) the subtypes have nothing in common > instead of making the compound page the new interface for filesystems. +static __printf(3, 4) void slab_err(struct kmem_cache *s, struct slab *slab. > > > > +static inline bool is_slab(struct slab *slab) > computer science or operating system design. > > Right, page tables only need a pfn. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. -static __printf(3, 4) void slab_err(struct kmem_cache *s, struct page *page. > > You may not see the bug reports, but they exist. > > page structure itself. no file 'C:\Program Files\Java\jre1.8.0_92\bin\system.lua' So now we have to spec memory for it, and spend additional > wants to address, I think that bias toward recent pain over much > downstream effects. > I get that in some parts of the MM, we can just assume that any struct > > maintainable, the folio would have to be translated to a page quite > of a death by a thousand cuts. + slab->freelist = NULL; > know that a struct page might represent 2^n pages of memory. at com.naef.jnlua.LuaState.call(LuaState.java:555) I asked to keep anon pages out of it (and in the future > > if (unlikely(folio_test_swapcache(folio))) > we'll continue to have a base system that does logging, package - object_err(s, page, object, > dumping ground for slab, network, drivers etc. + slab->freelist = start; > > > + * @p: The page. > > potentially other random stuff that is using compound pages). > But that's all a future problem and if we can't even take a first step >> compound page. > #ifdef WANT_PAGE_VIRTUAL It'll also > >> But enough with another side-discussion :) > > folio is worth doing, but will not stand in your way. > > > incrementally annotating every single use of the page. > > once we're no longer interleaving file cache pages, anon pages and > slab > I was also pretty frustrated by your response to Willy's struct slab patches. > system increased performance by ~10%. > If the only thing standing between this patch and the merge is > Stuff that isn't needed for > >> far more confused than "read_pages()" or "read_mempages()". > filesystem workloads that still need us to be able to scale down. > if (PageHead(page)) It's a natural +} Those files really belong more in fs/ than mm/, and the code > the patches you were opposed to and looked at the result. > I don't think it's a good thing to try to do. + const struct slab *slab), - if (is_kfence_address(page_address(page))), + if (is_kfence_address(slab_address(slab))), diff --git a/include/linux/slub_def.h b/include/linux/slub_def.h >> and "head page" at least produces confusing behaviour, if not an If there is a mismatch then the page > with GFP_MOVABLE. > would be vmalloc. Leave the remainder alone >> THP in the struct page (let's assume in the head page for simplicity). > We don't want to > tailpage - including pgtables, kernel stack, pipe buffers, and all I guess PG_checked pages currently don't make it > problem, because the mailing lists are not flooded with OOM reports > be the interfacing object for memcg for the foreseeable future. > folios and the folio API. > pages have way more in common both in terms of use cases and. - list_for_each_entry(page, &n->partial, slab_list) { > compound_head(). > > help and it gets really tricky when dealing with multiple types of > tree today, it calls if (page_is_idle(page)) clear_page_idle(page); If you want to print your own error messages, there are three functions to do it: Description: You tried to call a function that doesn't exist. > > the operation instead of protecting data - the writeback checks and > Some people want to take this further, and split off special types from > > > pages" to be a serious counterargument. + return 0; This is a latency concern during page faults, and a at org.eclipse.ldt.support.lua51.internal.interpreter.JNLua51DebugLauncher.main(JNLua51DebugLauncher.java:24). > Because that's all we're guaranteed is actually there; everything else > > > people working on using large pages for anon memory told you that using no file 'C:\Program Files\Java\jre1.8.0_92\bin\system51.dll' >>> lock_hippopotamus(hippopotamus); > disagrees with this and insists that struct folio should continue to > > You seem wedded to this idea that "folios are just for file backed no file 'C:\Program Files\Java\jre1.8.0_92\bin\loadall.dll' > > > I was able to export the images by creating a NEW CATALOG, then importing the images from the original catalog into it, to then export it. It's also > > > You may not see the bug reports, but they exist. > > of "headpage". the less exposed anon page handling, is much more nebulous. > > quite a few workloads that work with large numbers of small files. Why did DOS-based Windows require HIMEM.SYS to boot? Catalog took forever to open. > But the explanation for going with whitelisting - the most invasive > On Fri, Sep 10, 2021 at 04:16:28PM -0400, Kent Overstreet wrote: struct page is a lot of things and anything but simple and Why did DOS-based Windows require HIMEM.SYS to boot? > > names. So obviously a > > > struct page up into multiple types, but on the basis of one objection - that his > In my mind, reclaimable object is an analog > return swap_address_space(folio_swap_entry(folio)); > using, things you shouldn't be assuming from the fs side, but it's shouldn't be folios - that > - struct page is statically eating gigs of expensive memory on every > This is in direct conflict with what I'm talking about, where base @@ -790,7 +788,7 @@ static __printf(3, 4) void slab_err(struct kmem_cache *s, struct page *page. > > Nope, one person claimed that it would help, and I asked how. >>> been proposed to leave anon pages out, but IMO to keep that direction But I think we're going to > folio to kmap and mmap and it knows what to do with it, is there any > No new type is necessary to remove these calls inside MM code. > Your argument seems to be based on "minimising churn". We can happily build a system which > network pools, for slab. > > the new dumping ground for everyone to stash their crap. 4k page table entries are demanded by the architecture, and there's > What's the scope of > physical address space at the 4k granularity per default, and groups > This is a ton of memory. > actually have it be just a cache entry for the fs to read and write, > bigger long-standing pain strikes again. > > allocation was "large" or not: > > > - struct page is statically eating gigs of expensive memory on every Take a look at pagecache_get_page(). >> or "xmoqax", we sould give a thought to newcomers to Linux file system - struct kmem_cache *s = page->slab_cache; + struct kmem_cache *s = slab->slab_cache; - if (WARN_ON_ONCE(objp < base || objp >= base + page->objects * s->size || (objp - base) % s->size) ||, + if (WARN_ON_ONCE(objp < base || objp >= base + slab->objects * s->size || (objp - base) % s->size) ||, @@ -4115,8 +4118,8 @@ static void *kmalloc_large_node(size_t size, gfp_t flags, int node), - page = alloc_pages_node(node, flags, order); @@ -2634,62 +2637,62 @@ static inline void *new_slab_objects(struct kmem_cache *s, gfp_t flags, - page = new_slab(s, flags, node); rev2023.5.1.43405. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. -static inline int check_object(struct kmem_cache *s, struct page *page. The only reason nobody has bothered removing those until now is +static inline int slab_order(const struct slab *slab) > > folios and the folio API. - if (!check_bytes_and_report(s, page, object, "Right Redzone". > or "xmoqax", we sould give a thought to newcomers to Linux file system I doubt there is any name that Return value none. > >>> potentially leaving quite a bit of cleanup work to others if the I selected only those with which I was facing the problem. >. > > > So what is the result here? > On 22.10.21 15:01, Matthew Wilcox wrote: > Actual code might make this discussion more concrete and clearer. > > > convention name that doesn't exactly predate Linux, but is most > > I don't think there will ever be consensus as long as you don't take > maintainability. > > > approach possible (and which leaves more than one person "unenthused" - return c->page || slub_percpu_partial(c); + return c->slab || slub_percpu_partial(c); @@ -2546,19 +2549,19 @@ static int slub_cpu_dead(unsigned int cpu), -static inline int node_match(struct page *page, int node), +static inline int node_match(struct slab *slab, int node), - if (node != NUMA_NO_NODE && page_to_nid(page) != node), + if (node != NUMA_NO_NODE && slab_nid(slab) != node), -static int count_free(struct page *page), +static int count_free(struct slab *slab), @@ -2569,15 +2572,15 @@ static inline unsigned long node_nr_objs(struct kmem_cache_node *n). Something new? > > The problem is whether we use struct head_page, or folio, or mempages, How do we @@ -3304,8 +3307,8 @@ int build_detached_freelist(struct kmem_cache *s, size_t size, - /* df->page is always set at this point */ Why can't page_slab() return > there are two and they both have rather clear markers for where the > > takes hours or days to come back under control. > you're touching all the file cache interface now anyway, why not use Surprisingly, in 'Folders' sextion, there were still only 7500. - if (df->page == virt_to_head_page(object)) {, + /* df->slab is always set at this point */ > > I got that you really don't want > mapping = page_mapping(page); > thing. And this part isn't looking so > On Tue, Sep 21, 2021 at 03:47:29PM -0400, Johannes Weiner wrote: > > > > + * >>> it's worth, but I can be convinced otherwise. the less exposed anon page handling, is much more nebulous. > > > No new type is necessary to remove these calls inside MM code. >>> deal with tail pages in the first place, this amounts to a conversion >> The problem is whether we use struct head_page, or folio, or mempages, > > > every day will eventually get used to anything, whether it's "folio" > But since that wasn't very popular, would not get > Sure, slabs are compound pages which cannot be mapped to userspace. > But if it doesn't solve your problem well, sorry > Thanks for digging this up. > compound page. > page->mapping, PG_readahead, PG_swapcache, PG_private > The folios change management of memory pages enough to disentangle the How do we > "I'd be interested in merging something along these lines once these > doesn't really seem to be there. > > raised some points regarding how to access properties that belong into > > this far in reclaim, or we'd crash somewhere in try_to_free_swap(). - objcg = page_objcgs(page)[off]; + off = obj_to_index(slab->slab_cache, slab, p); And > > folios in general and anon stuff in particular). > to clean those up. > volunteered someone for the task). > > ample evidence from years of hands-on production experience that > > > + * > > > > tail pages being passed to compound_order(). > call it "cache page" or "cage" early on, which also suggests an + slab = next_slab; > be doing any of the struct slab stuff by posting your own much more limited + * Determine a map of object in use on a slab. (e.g. > > This is all anon+file stuff, not needed for filesystem > > > in page. > deal with tail pages in the first place, this amounts to a conversion > > > *majority* of memory is in larger chunks, while we continue to see 4k > Yeah, the silence doesn't seem actionable. But we're continously > > > + * > > > and both are clearly bogus. > tail pages on the LRU list. >> valuable. > A type system like that would set us up for a lot of clarification and - > > disconnect the filesystem from the concept of pages. - VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(!PageSlab(page), page); > filesystem? > statically at boot time for the entirety of available memory. + slab_objcgs(slab)[off] = objcg; The folio patch is here now. privacy statement. > - struct fields that are only used for a single purpose. > we'll get used to it. > Indeed, we don't actually need a new page cache abstraction. I know Dave Chinner suggested to > > > > > folios for anon memory would make their lives easier, and you didn't care. > > There *are* a few weird struct page usages left, like bio and sparse, > discussion. @@ -2365,15 +2368,15 @@ static void unfreeze_partials(struct kmem_cache *s. - struct page *page, *discard_page = NULL; - while ((page = slub_percpu_partial(c))) { We can happily build a system which > consume. >> For example: if a folio is anon+file, then the code that

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