See a complete list of members in Razkr 29/38:6 (1 October 1966). Report in Razkr 31/3839:56 (1624 October 1968); 31/40:2+8 (1 November 1968). Twelver Shia) people. The Muslims departed from religion, materialism spread fast, and morals declined. (authors translation); incidentally, some extremists in Multan allegedly shouted slogans in favour of the Caliph Yazid shortly after and threatened to celebrate a Yaum-i Yazd when being prevented by the police from disturbing a joint Sunni-Shia procession on the d Mld an-Naby (4 August 1963); see Razkr 26/38:3 (8 October 1963). Razkr 29/11:3 (16 March 1966). The catalyst for this development were the writings of Maulana Muhammad Husain Dhakko from Sargodha, who contributed more than any other person to a sharp polarisation between orthodox Shiism of the dn madris and the still dominant popular Shiism of the professional preachers and zkirs. Since no significant headway had been made trough all meetings with representatives of the state within seven months, an All-Pakistan Shia Convention was called for in Rawalpindi on 2830 August 1964 to discuss further steps. Ala ud-Din Siddiqi (190777) was born in Lahore and had graduated from both dn madris and secular colleges in his hometown. 5556. He is probably referring to Abd ul-Ali al-Haravi (18611922) and his disciple S. Muhammad Sibtain Sirsavi; see Naqvi, Controversy, p. 139; on these two ulam see also Naqv, Tazkira, pp. They cannot agree with each other on the organisation of the dn madris because it would be detrimental to their zkir-business They take fees of 100 Rupees for a majlis and make themselves ghzs of the word with expensive ab-o-qab, sumptuous pulpits and the art of rhetoric, but leave work and efforts for the people and prefer serenity for themselves 143Close, These were notably the views of a man who had some years earlier been referred to as the most sincere person of our qaum by the editor of al-Muballigh, the mouthpiece of the orthodox ulam.144Close In fact many of the latter fully shared his misgivings about the zkirs,145Close although they would probably not have agreed with the way he was putting ulam and zkirs into one basket. Zameer Akhtar (Pakistan) 8. Secondly, neither did he consider himself a mujtahid entitled to give fatws nor did he have anything to do with politics, but only with the religious demands of his qaum. S. Mushtaq Husain Naqvi and Muhammad Siddiq gave details of such problems in Multan and Lahore in Razkr 29/22:1, 3 (1 June 1966); see also Razkr 29/40:3 (16 October 1966); 30/3:3 (16 January 1967). Protocols in Razkr 29/3435:112 (18 September 1966); al-Muballigh 10/8:2730 (September 1966); al-Muntazar 8/1415:1422 (520 September 1966); Payam-i Amal 10/8:2530 (October 1966). In the years from 1966 to 1968 Shia communal mobilisation in Pakistan reached a climax, which was not to be repeated until the decade following the 1979 Iranian revolution. On the other side, many articles in the Shia press from the late 1950s onwards deplored a rampant materialism and fast decline of interest in religion in their society, especially among the higher educated young generation, and appealed to the ulam to change their old-fashioned style of preaching in order to meet that challenge. He deems it a splendid sign of leadership to accept titles such as Nib-i Imm,132Close yatullh fl-Alamain,133Close Hujjat ul-Islm wal-Muslimn,134Close orator (khatb) or preacher (wiz). It was also attended by Amir Ahmad Khan of Mahmudabad, Ala ud-Din Siddq and the ministers Muhammad Ali Hoti and S. Ahmad Sad Kermani. According to Dihlavi the Boards recommendations were as follows: 1) There will be one textbook for dnyt with three parts: a) Akhlqyt, which will be prepared by Shia and Sunni ulam jointly and must be acceptable to both sects; b) Sunni dnyt; c) Shia dnyt. See references in Fn 219 to chapter 3 (p. 375). Besides, the logic of forbidding some ulam to speak in certain districts because of alleged fanaticism or lack of knowledge, while the same persons were not considered objectionable in other parts of the country, was rightfully questioned.317Close Another complaint concerned growing obstacles for the construction of Shia mosques. Neither President Mirza nor Qizilbash nor, for that matter, any other Shia minister or deputy since 1947 had done much for promoting Shia interests when in office.5Close By contrast, one immediate positive effect of the 1958 revolutionapart from Pakistans recovery from a severe economic crisiswas a lull in the activities of anti-Shia extremists. Jafari was one of the five representatives appointed by Dihlavi in January 1965, see section 4.3, p. 123. This seems to be an error; the relevant article in the 1956 constitution was No. 29698; Naqvi, Controversy, pp. Ibid. XIXXXVIII. 5), to issue pilgrims passports without demanding financial security (No. S. Abid Husain, a leading landlord of Jhang.16Close The Secretary-General of the ITHS, Muzaffar Ali Shamsi, for his part, was an enthusiastic supporternot to say a flattererof Ayub Khans regime right from the start.17Close In his report on the organisations activities during the preceding years read at an ITHS convention in Lahore (79 April 1961) he said, among other things: The era of martial law has become a blessing for the ITHS, and it has forced those who had conspired against it to retreat from politics.18Close The government of Ayub Khan has destroyed their dream in a humiliating way Now this group of conspirators are passing their days in retirement, while the ITHS is still alive by the grace of God and is performing the task of a spokesman of the Shias very well like before , God be praised, our present ruler is following a neutral policy in religious affairs and is giving complete freedom to all Pakistani citizens of different faiths the sectarian atmosphere in the country has become quite calm, and the situation is improving rapidly. The pet object of their diatribes remained azdr processions. In the meantime, a SMC delegation should again meet the President and the Governor and report on the results in Hyderabad.377Close, At that junction, the government for the first time resorted to repressive measures against the Shia movement. Even allowing for a certain degree of opportunism, the gratitude for relief from sectarian strife, corrupt politicians and economic hardship seems to have been genuine.20Close. Majlis for show and prestige and azdr for payment (nadhr-o-niyz) have become common. Translated from al-Muballigh 9/10:56 (November 1965). ; there had been a small hostel for Shia students in Lahore run by the AWSM since 1938. It assures the government that their statements are only private opinions, and that they do not represent the Shias.330Close. Resolution No. Literally: what I follow and my companions, referring to a hadth attributed to the Prophet Muhammad. #28. Born on May 05, 1947, Ghulam Abbas Mohsin Naqvi was a famous Pakistani poet known for writing ghazals. 136Close. He submitted a written memorandum,192Close reminding the president of the very reasonable demands of the Karachi Convention and of former meetings of Shia representatives with himself, the Governor of West-Pakistan and the Secretary of Education. The SMC Council had thoroughly studied the statement of the government and found it credible, but was demanding further clarifications, which would be sought in a meeting with the Governor Muhammad Musa on 4 November. Some Shia leaders like Nawab Qizilbash had sensed the danger well ahead and had warned the authorities,93Close but in the aftermath of the riots none of them would put the blame on the government.94Close The Shia press, for its part, demanded that the government would conduct indepth investigations that would clearly prove the responsibility of the TAS and other anti-Shia fanatics.95Close Its attitude was well reflected in an article of Raja Lehrasb Ali Khan in Razkr some weeks later (excerpts): One sect of the Muslims wants to prevent the customary observation of the religious ceremonies of another sect, namely the mtam juls of the Shias. Once more the very existence of the Shia minority in Pakistan was pictured as being at stake, this time because of a general decline of religious belief.21Close But unlike some Sunni religious parties, which confronted the Ayub Khan regime because of its allegedly anti-Islamic policies,22Close Shia organisations never put any such blame on the new regime. On 10 March that year (21 Ramadan 1380H, death anniversary of the Imam Ali) there were attacks on Shia processions in Karachi (Razkr 24/11:3; 24/12:7). He later set up a trust for Shia religious publications. 14144; Dogar, Mauln Muhammad Husain Dhakko s 150 sul, pp. Thus it came as great and pleasant surprise for many observers that in early 1964 Pakistans Shia ulam for the first time since the foundation of the country suddenly took the lead in Shia communal mobilisation. It made clear that the Central Organising Secretary of the SMC had never consented to cooperation with the APSC.365Close, In a message to the Shias prior to the session of the ten-member Board, Dihlavi had portrayed his acceptance of five Sunnis in that board as a sign of goodwill, because, as he put it, we have neither a conflict with the Sunnis, nor are they concerned by our demands.366Close This was little more than wishful thinking. This book was not only a rejoinder to the detractors of his Ahsan ul-fawid (see above), but a compendium of the doctrines of orthodox Twelver Shiism on the Imams and prophets, their miracles and their special qualities, as laid down by its leading authorities one thousand years ago.280Close Its third chapter dealt with the rejection of tafwz,281Close while its ninth chapter was devoted exclusively to refuting the accusation of Wahhabism levelled against him and his supporters, by explaining the difference between the Wahhabiya and Shiism.282Close But most controversial was the last chapter of the book, which started with the following statement (excerpts): After having refuted the accusation of Wahhabism against some Shia ulam it is now appropriate to disclose a bitter and hidden truth, namely that those professional orators who are denouncing the Shia ulam and muhaqqiqn283Close as muqassir or Wahhabi, and those (outwardly) believers who are caught in their net of falsification, are holding and propagating the false (btil) doctrines of the mufawwiza284Close and the Shaikhiya.285Close With other words, those whose doctrines and beliefs are nowadays understood and accepted as the Shia mazhab are not following the mazhab of the ahl al-bait, but that of the mufawwiza which was led by Shaikh Ahmad Ahsai.286Close Numerous great Shia ulam have proclaimed fatws against the Shaikhiya accusing it of of kufr, How did these corrupted beliefs reach our country, and how did they influence our simple awm? From 1964 to 1970 he was Chairman of the CII; see Rh, Tazkira-yi ulam-i Panjb, Vol. Razkr 31/26:4+5 (16 July 1968). He had further promised that there would be no general ban on azdr processions, but it was up to the local authorities to decide about provisions for public security wherever licences would be applied for.188Close. On that occasion, Mushtaq Husain pressed fervently for more radical steps to achieve the objectives of the movement, and it was decided to start country-wide agitation from 1 November if the government would not yield to the Shia demands by 1 October, including the appointment of commissions necessary for implementation.386Close, In the following four months a fierce propaganda campaign was waged by the SMCs, directed against the traitors of Lahore as much as against the temporising of the government. In 1947 he moved to Karachi where he founded a Dr ul-Ulm and became known as the Grand Mufti of Pakistan; see Bukhr, Akbir ulam-i Deoband, pp. See also Ziring, The Ayub Khan Era, pp. That would apparently imply a ban on conversion from Sunni Islam to Shiism, too. He penned poetry about love. S. Mubarak Ali Shah (190075), a landlord and descendant of Shah Jiwna (Jhang District), was one of the few former Shia deputies and ministers who had frequently spoken out on Shia interests and demands.64Close He would later become a loyal supporter of S. Muhammad Dihlavi,65Close whereas Shamsi, who was formally elected Secretary-General of the ITHS at the April 1961 convention,66Close already in that year criticised initiatives to found a new organisation to replace both the ITHS and APSC.67Close At a session of the ITHS Council in October 1962 he submitted his resignation due to chronic illness and too much private occupation but was urged by all Council members to stay in his post.68Close Apparently he had been against the 1964 Karachi ulam convention and the new leadership role of S. Muhammad Dihlavi from the start, although he came out openly in opposition to him only two years thereafter.69Close. He complained, among other things, about the obligation for Sunnis to keep their shops open during the Muharram processions, about their greatly increased number since 1947,106Close and that Shias were allegedly abusing the sahba with impunity at their majlis throughout the year.107Close In reply to some questions from the Shia advocate Khaqan Babar, Ghulam Qadir said: Pakistan was achieved in the name of Islam. The text quoted above contained a new element of criticism of the professional preachers, namely the accusation that they were corrupting Shia doctrines with ghulw and tafwz. Thus the preacher makes the majlis senseless from the outset. Were it not for the peace-loving of the Shias and the farsightedness of other patriots, the damage would have been much greater , If someone does not agree with the beliefs of another person or group and considers their ceremonies to be wrong, then he should not take part in them. By that time, thousands of Shias from other parts of Pakistan had already arrived in the town for the convention scheduled for 1011 February. 1356. According to an unofficial and unverified estimate, between 700 and 5,000 Pakistan Shias from Karachi, Parachinar, and Gilgit-Baltistan, recruited by Iran, went to Syria to fight against the . A new Shia movement led by Sayyid Muhammad Dihlavi was launched in 1964 pressing for three demands, namely separate religious instruction, exclusive Shia control over their religious endowments (Auqaf), and freedom and protection of their religious processions. al-Muballigh 7/4:32 (May 1963); Razkr 26/15:3 (16 April 1963); 26/16:3+7 (24 April 1963). Both he and Qizilbash would be attacked years later for their alleged silence regarding the Muharram 1963 events; see Razkr 36/3031:5 (816 August 1972); 26/45:1 (1 December 1972). Naturally, nothing was done in these months to implement the promises given to the Shias. She made her presentation as an entertainer in 2000 on PTV Channel. Mahmoud al-Sarkhi (born 1964) Mohammad al-Sadr (1943-1999) Mohammad al-Shirazi (1928-2001) Mohammad Ali Tabatabaei Hassani (1945-2017) Mohammad Hussaini Shahroudi (1925-2019) Mohammed Ridha al-Shirazi (1959-2008) Mohammad Taher Khaqani (born 1940) Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi (born 1945) Mohammad Yaqoobi (born 1960) Morteza Hosseini Fayaz (1929-2014) 13335. The following is a list of notable Shia Muslims . On one hand, he was closely associated with Mirza Yusuf Husain, one of Dhakkos main detractors, and even such hard-line opponents of Dhakko as Muhammad Bashir Ansari and Muhammad Ismail joined Dihlavis bandwagon in time.303Close On the other hand, Dhakko himself actively participated in the mutlabt movement,304Close and some of Dihlavis closest collaborators like S. Mushtaq Husain Naqvi and S. Jamil Husain Rizvi were supporters of Dhakko.305Close The Dr ul-Ulm Sargodha, for its part, was still supporting Nawab Qizilbash when the latter had parted ways with Dihlavi almost completely.306Close. Karachi, On 19th Jan 2009, 15 years old seraiki community Imam Bargah "Babul Hawaij" Gulistan-e-Johar Karachi has been demolished by S.H.O, Police Station Gulistan-e-Johar name Nasrullah (YAZEED), On 15th Jan 2009 S.H.O, Nasrullah (YAZEED) along with police constabulary attack Imam Bargah Babul Hawaij destroyed ALAM BUBARAK (GHAZI ABBAS) and thrown all the wall around the ALAM BUBARAK, On . Today, too, we stick to the conviction that we must have full religious freedom. Resisting pressure from the radicals, he named Qizilbash among the five Shia delegates for the joint commission suggested by Ayub Khan, the others being the ITHS chairman S. Mubarak Ali Shah, Mufti Jafar Husain, Ali Ahmad Khan Jafari200Close and Dihlavi himself.201Close, Governor Amir Muhammad Khan, who was to chair the said commission appointed four other high-ranking officials in February 1965.202Close As it turned out, however, not a single meeting of the commission was called during the following seven months, allegedly because Muzaffar Ali Shamsi, the governors favourite among the Shia leaders, was not included.203Close Instead, new restrictions were imposed on religious ceremonies in the form of a Loudspeaker Ordinance in March 1965. A remarkable greeting address was sent to Multan from S. Ibn Hasan Jarchavi, who could not attend the convention due to illness. Razkr 31/4243:5. Therefore we want that both Shia and Sunni children receive religious instruction of their own so that the pupils can become fully acquainted with their mazhab and its requirements171Close and become true Muslims in that way For example, at the Aligarh University there are separate branches for Shia and Sunni dnyt and separate congregational prayers for both sects 172Close, The second issue is concerning the Shia auqf The government has passed laws to prevent their misuse by mutawalls and administrators. In his 1986 interview with Dogar, he was still defending that position vigorously (Dogar, 150 sul, p. 50). Some leading ITHS office holders from Karachi then published devastating polemics against Shamsi,341Close whereas the editor of Razkr, who had generally supported the ITHS until early 1964, now opined that the organisation had ceased to exist since seven years.342Close In Lahore, too, the ITHS split into supporters and opponents of Shamsi, whose influence among Shias reached a low point during the coming years.343Close. In July that year, S. Mushtaq Husain claimed that there were 250 SMCs with 10,000 razkrs ready for marching (Supplement to Razkr 30/28). 1379. He was dubbed Khatb-i l-i Yazd or something like that instead of Khatb-i l-i Muhammad. She finished her examinations from the University of Lahore. 2,720 khums since its foundation ten years earlier. 18, see Mahmood (ed. Prior to Muharram 1386H (22 April21 May 1966), bans on the entry of a number of Shia and Sunni ulam into certain districts of West Pakistan during Muharram were pronounced by the administration. The groups participating were JUI, TAS, Majlis-i Ahrr, Majlis-i Tahaffuz-i Khatm-i Nubbuwat, Anjuman-i Tauhd-o-Sunnat and Hizbullh (Razkr 26/24:3; 24 June 1963). al-Muballigh 8/8:3334 (September 1964) mentioned Dhakkos excellent speech at the August 1964 Rawalpindi Convention, and the journal regularly published articles in support of the Shia Mutlabt Movement during the following years. This new practice, which has been applied ever since in Pakistan,316Close was ostensibly a balanced precautionary measure against sectarian strife. He also distanced himself from those Shia delegations which had met the president before him.197Close, The new split within the ranks of Shia communal leaders had now become manifest. Mufti Jafar Husain had been appointed to replace Hafiz Kifayat Husain in November 1965. Since the early 1950s there had been ambitions to translate the old canonical books of Shia hadth, fiqh and doctrines into Urdu and have them published in Pakistan.256Close This was deemed all the more necessary because of what was perceived as false perceptions of Shia doctrines spread by the zkirs and professional preachers. 12-Jul-96 Punjab Mailsi Shia Majlis attacked 10. Moon Market 1 0 Mohsin Naqvi, famous poet, Shia Zakir. Quoted from Pakistan Times, 2 November 1968. Resentment against them was strong in Karachi, too, where local office-holders of the ITHS would soon distance themselves from Shamsi.199Close But Dihlavi himself was still willing to co-operate with other Shia leaders as much as possible for the higher goal of getting the three demands accepted. This way of investigation was ridiculed in an editorial of al-Irshd (Karachi), Fasdt k tahqq y aqid k?, reprinted in Razkr 26/35:6 (16 September 1963). These things are not coming unexpected for me; rather I have started this work expecting such difficulties and sufferings 274Close, On the other hand, Dhakko once more denied that he was opposed to the zkirs generally, insisting that he was their well-wisher and only wanted to rectify some of their current faults.275Close However, this could not make his attacks on the status quo of majlis and the zkir-business in Pakistan less objectionable in the eyes of his opponents. Report in Razkr 31/40:1+8 (1 November 1968). Never! The quarter of Karkh,309Close the walls of Baghdad, the bazaar of Kufa and the court of Damascus are witness that we have not been afraid of any power when raising the voice of truth. Translation from Razkr 24/1415:11 (816 April 1961). He also spoke out against Qizilbash at the Rawalpindi Convention on 3 November (Razkr 31/4243:6). Such manoeuvres were to continue and to become more obstinate throughout the following years. Such incidents happened not only in Lahore, Khairpur and Narowal, but in some other places too, even if it was not mentioned in the press. Apart from accusations that armed Shias themselves had provoked the clashes in Lahore,99Close the demand to ban all Shia azdr processions was repeated forcefully at a meeting of six Sunni groups in Lahore on 16 June.100Close A common board was formed comprising the JUI leaders Mufti Mahmud and Ghulam Ghauth Hazarvi as well as Shaikh Husam ud-Din, Master Taj ud-Din Ansari and Shuresh Kashmiri.101Close Hazarvi went as far as accusing fanatic Shia police officers and other civil servants of responsibility for the violence in Muharram.102Close Three weeks later, at a public meeting near the Mochi Gate of Lahores Old City chaired by the D.C. and meant to reconcile local Sunnis and Shias, Hafiz Kifayat Husain and Muzaffar Ali Shamsi repeated the claim that abusing and insulting of any religious authority was absolutely forbidden for Shias. For achieving that goal it has chosen the method of violence. These were S. Muhammad Abbas and Nawab Nasrullah Khan from the Kurram Agency (where Rs. On attempts to nationalise the Dr ul-Ulm Muhammadya Sargodha, which were averted by Qizilbash and other Shia notables, see al-Muballigh 12/6:23 (July 1968). Since 1958 he lived in Karachi, serving for the Publications Department of the government and later teaching at Karachi University. Ibid. 11); see Razkr 29/3435:7+10 (18 September 1966). Najaf, Kazimain, Samarra, Mashhad and Karbala are witness that we can be killed but we cannot be obliterated. Actress and model, Humaima Malick is also one of the most famous celebrities who are Shia Muslims. Dihlavi shortly before his death dedicated his private library to another trust headed by Hasan Ali Pirbhai (, According to his son S. Ahmad Jauhar, he even retreated from preaching to a large extent in the 1950s (, Authors interview with S. Khurshid Abbas Gardezi, (Multan, 1 March 1999), Most Pakistani Shias interviewed by the author on the subject have confirmed that. See sections 1.3, p. 25; 2.2 p. 44; 3.4, p. 84. Professions of loyalty to the government and the country as expressed above would be repeated regularly by S. Muhammad Dihlavi and his supporters during the coming years together with the Shia demands. The history of Islam is telling us that after the death of the Prophet the question of the caliphate has been contested among the Muslims and that Ali and his followers (shn) have chosen to become the opposition party.

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